Girls, Guys and Games: How News Media Perpetuate Stereotypes of Male and Female Gamers
Abstract
Despite the sheer popularity of gaming, stereotypes of gamers are persistent and often ill-informed. The average age of an Australian gamer, for example, is 33 and nearly half of gamers are female. Yet, few mainstream and gaming news articles seem to acknowledge this diversity. Because news media and public perception are intertwined, such misrepresentation may affect the way gamers are perceived by the public and, in turn, how gamers negotiate their identities.
This paper, through a primarily qualitative analysis of 75 online news articles, explores many examples of simplistic and distorted portrayals of gamers that characterise news coverage. In particular, it examines three gendered tropes—‘not real’ female gamers, women as the victims and oppressors of gamers, and toxic male gamers—that news media use to frame the narratives that misrepresent gaming in social life.
Ultimately, this article argues that two prevailing themes underlie many news stories about gaming: the perpetuation of male technocratic privilege and moral panic. Both of these phenomena have relevance to the #GamerGate controversy of 2014, which news media portrayed as a ‘culture war’ between these inaccurate notions of male and female gamers. Thus, this indicates that the media blame game and alienation of gaming culture, as a multibillion-dollar international industry of increasing social importance, must be acknowledged and addressed.
References
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The_Media_Insight_Project_The_Personal_News_Cycle_Final.pdf
Beasley, B. & Collins Standley, T. (2002). Shirts vs. skins: Clothing as an indicator of gender role stereotyping in video games. Mass Communication and Society, 5(3), 279–293. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0503_3
Berger, A. (2005). Media analysis techniques (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Berkowitz, D. (2009). Reporters and their sources. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 102–115). New York, NY: Routledge.
Bowen, G. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. doi:10.3316/QRJ0902027
Braithwaite, A. (2014). ‘Seriously, get out’: Feminists on the forums and the War(craft) on women. New Media & Society, 16(5), 703–718. doi: 10.1177/1461444813489503
Brand, J & Todhunter, S. (2015). Digital Australia report 2016. Eveleigh, Australia: Interactive Games & Entertainment Association.
Calvert, C. (2001). Framing and blaming the culture wars: Marketing murder or selling speech? Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment Law and Practice, 3(2), 128–144.
Capuzza, J. (2014). Who defines gender diversity? Sourcing routines and representation in mainstream U.S. news stories about transgenderism. International Journal of Transgenderism, 15(3–4), 115–128. doi:10.1080/15532739.2014.946195
Carpenter, S. (2007). U.S. elite and non-elite newspapers’ portrayal of the Iraq war: A comparison of frames and source use. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 84(4), 761–776.
Condis, M. (2015, August 11). The invisible hordes of online feminist bullies. Al Jazeera America. Retrieved from http://america.aljazeera.com
Cote, A. (2015). Writing "gamers": The gendered construction of gamer identity in Nintendo Power (1994–1999). Games and Culture. doi:10.1177/1555412015624742
D’Angelo, P. & Kuypers, J. (2010). Introduction: Doing news framing analysis. In P. D’Angelo & J. Kuypers (Eds.), Doing news framing analysis: Empirical and theoretical perspectives (pp. 1–14). New York, NY: Routledge.
DeMaria, R. (2007). Reset: Changing the way we look at video games. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
de Vreese, C. (2012). New avenues for framing research. American Behavioral Scientist, 56(3), 365–375. doi:10.1177/0002764211426331
Dietz, T. (1998). An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles, 38(5), 425–442. doi:10.1023/A:1018709905920
Downs, E. & Smith, S. (2010). Keeping abreast of hypersexuality: A video game character content analysis. Sex Roles, 62(11), 721–733. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9637-1
Dunlop, J. (2007). The U.S. video game industry: Analyzing representation of gender and race. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, 3(2), 96–109.
Dutton N., Consalvo, M. & Harper, T. (2011). Digital pitchforks and virtual torches: Fan responses to the Mass Effect debacle. Convergence, 17(3), 287–305. doi:10.1177/0002764211426331
Egenfeldt-Nielson, S., Smith, J. & Tosca, S. (2016). Understanding video games: The essential introduction (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Entertainment Software Association. (2014). 2014 sales, demographic, and usage data: Essential facts about the computer and video game industry. Retrieved from http://www.theesa.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ESA_EF_2014.pdf
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Entman, R., Matthes, J. & Pellicano, L. (2009). Nature, sources, and effects of news framing. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 175–190). New York, NY: Routledge.
Ferguson, C. (2008). The school shooting/violent video game link: Causal relationship or moral panic? Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 5(1–2), 25–37. doi:10.1002/jip.76
Fisher, H. (2012). Don’t let the girls play: Gender representation in videogame journalism and the influence of hegemonic masculinity, media filters, and message mediation (Doctoral thesis, Ohio University, Athens, OH). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/1?0
Fisher, H. (2015). Sexy, dangerous—and ignored: An in-depth review of the representation of women in select video game magazines. Games and Culture, 10(6), 551–570. doi:10.1177/1555412014566234
Fox, J. & Tang, W. (2014). Sexism in online video games: The role of conformity to masculine norms and social dominance orientation. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 314–320. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.014
Freedman, E. & Fico, F. (2005). Male and female sources in newspaper coverage of male and female candidates in open races for governor in 2002. Mass Communication and Society, 8(3), 257–272. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0803_5
Gillman, S. (2011). News values and news culture in a changing world. In J. Bainbridge, N. Goc & L. Tynan (Eds.), Media & journalism: New approaches to theory and practice (2nd ed.) (pp. 245–256), South Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Gray, E. (2013, May 26). Why we need to rethink the ‘attention whore’ label. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com
Heider, D. (2000). White news: Why local news programs don’t cover people of color. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hern, A. (2014, October 17). Lazy coverage of Gamergate is only feeding this abusive campaign. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com
Hollingworth, D. & Irving, N. (2015, January 30). GamerGate and masculinity. PC Authority. Retrieved from http://www.pcauthority.com.au
Hsieh, H. & Shannon, S. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research Journal, 15(9), 1277–1288. doi:10.1177/1049732305276687
Internet Advertising Bureau UK. (2014). Gaming revolution. Retrieved from http://www.iabuk.net/research/library/gaming-revolution
Ivory, D. (2006). Still a man’s game: Gender representation in online reviews of video games. Mass Communication and Society, 9(1), 103–114. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0901_6
Juul, J. (2010). A casual revolution: Reinventing video games and their players. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Johnson, R. (2014). Hiding in plain sight: Reproducing masculine culture at a video game studio. Communication, Culture & Critique, 7(4), 578–594. doi:10.1111/cccr.12023
Kaye, L. & Pennington, C. (2016). "Girls can’t play”: The effects of stereotype threat on females’ gaming performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 202–209. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.020
Kirkpatrick, G. (2012). Constitutive tensions of gaming’s field: UK gaming magazines and the formation of gaming culture 1981–1995. Game Studies: The International Journal of Computer Game Research, 12(1). Retrieved from http://gamestudies.org/1201/articles/kirkpatrick
Kitzinger, J. (2007). Framing and frame analysis. In E. Devereux (Ed.), Media studies: Key issues and debates (pp. 134–161). London, England: SAGE Publications.
Lamble, S. (2011). News as it happens: An introduction to journalism. South Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
Matthes, J. & Kohring, M. (2008). The content analysis of media frames: Toward improving reliability and validity. Journal of Communication, 58(2), 258–279. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00384.x
McKernan, B. (2013). The morality of play: Video game coverage in The New York Times from 1980 to 2010. Games and Culture, 8(5), 307–329. doi:10.1177/1555412013493133
Miles, M. & Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Narine, N. & Grimes, S. (2009). The turbulent rise of the “child gamer”: Public fears and corporate promises in cinematic and promotional depictions of children’s digital play. Communication, Culture & Critique, 2(3), 319–338. doi:10.1111/j.1753-9137.2009.01040.x
Newman, J. (2004). Videogames. New York, NY: Routledge.
Newman, N. & Levy, D. (Eds.). (2014) Digital news report 2014. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/
files/Reuters%20Institute%20Digital%20News%20Report%202014.pdf
O’Malley, H. (2015, April 10). 3 ways to reform toxic masculinity after Gamergate. The Daily Dot. Retrieved from http://www.dailydot.com
Pan, Z. & Kosicki, G. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55–75. doi:10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
Patton, M. (2005). Qualitative research. In B. Everitt & D. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science (pp. 1633–1636). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Royse, P., Lee, J., Undrahbuyan, B., Hopson, M. & Consalvo, M. (2007). Women and games: Technologies of the gendered self. New Media & Society, 9(4), 555–576. doi:10.1177/1461444807080322
Sarkeesian, A. (2016). Feminist Frequency: Conversations with pop culture. Retrieved from http://feministfrequency.com/
Shaw, A. (2012). Do you identify as a gamer? Gender, race, sexuality, and gamer identity. New Media & Society, 14(1), 28–44. doi:10.1177/1461444811410394
Shoemaker, P. & Reese, S. (1996). Mediating the message: Theories of influences on mass media content (2nd ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman Publishers USA.
Snyder, M., Tanke, E. & Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 656–666.
Spender, D. (1997). The position of women in information technology – or who got there first and with what consequences? Current Sociology, 45(2), 135–147. doi:10.1177/001139297045002008
Todd, C. (2015). Commentary: GamerGate and resistance to the diversification of gaming culture. Women’s Studies Journal, 29(1), 64–67.
Trope. (2016a). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trope
Trope. (2016b). Retrieved from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/trope
Wahl-Jorgensen, K. & Hanitzsch, T. (2009). Introduction: On why and how we should do journalism studies. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 3–16). New York, NY: Routledge.
Walkerdine, V. (2006). Playing the game: Young girls performing femininity in video game play. Feminist Media Studies, 6(4), 519–537. doi:10.1080/14680770600990036
White, M. & Marsh, E. (2006). Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22–45. doi:10.1353/lib.2006.0053
Williams, D. (2003). The video game lightning rod. Information, Communication & Society, 6(4), 523–550. doi:10.1080/1369118032000163240
Williams, D., Martins, N., Consalvo, M. & Ivory, J. (2009). The virtual census: Representations of gender, race and age in video games. New Media & Society, 11(5), 815–834. doi:10.1177/1461444809105354
Yee, N. (2014, January 10). How the media consistently gets games wrong. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com
Altheide, D. (2000). Tracking discourse and qualitative document analysis. Poetics, 27(4), 287–299. doi:10.1016/S0304-422X(00)00005-X
American Press Institute. (2014). How Americans get their news. Retrieved from http://www.americanpressinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/
The_Media_Insight_Project_The_Personal_News_Cycle_Final.pdf
Beasley, B. & Collins Standley, T. (2002). Shirts vs. skins: Clothing as an indicator of gender role stereotyping in video games. Mass Communication and Society, 5(3), 279–293. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0503_3
Berger, A. (2005). Media analysis techniques (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Berkowitz, D. (2009). Reporters and their sources. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 102–115). New York, NY: Routledge.
Bowen, G. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. doi:10.3316/QRJ0902027
Braithwaite, A. (2014). ‘Seriously, get out’: Feminists on the forums and the War(craft) on women. New Media & Society, 16(5), 703–718. doi: 10.1177/1461444813489503
Brand, J & Todhunter, S. (2015). Digital Australia report 2016. Eveleigh, Australia: Interactive Games & Entertainment Association.
Calvert, C. (2001). Framing and blaming the culture wars: Marketing murder or selling speech? Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment Law and Practice, 3(2), 128–144.
Capuzza, J. (2014). Who defines gender diversity? Sourcing routines and representation in mainstream U.S. news stories about transgenderism. International Journal of Transgenderism, 15(3–4), 115–128. doi:10.1080/15532739.2014.946195
Carpenter, S. (2007). U.S. elite and non-elite newspapers’ portrayal of the Iraq war: A comparison of frames and source use. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 84(4), 761–776.
Condis, M. (2015, August 11). The invisible hordes of online feminist bullies. Al Jazeera America. Retrieved from http://america.aljazeera.com
Cote, A. (2015). Writing "gamers": The gendered construction of gamer identity in Nintendo Power (1994–1999). Games and Culture. doi:10.1177/1555412015624742
D’Angelo, P. & Kuypers, J. (2010). Introduction: Doing news framing analysis. In P. D’Angelo & J. Kuypers (Eds.), Doing news framing analysis: Empirical and theoretical perspectives (pp. 1–14). New York, NY: Routledge.
DeMaria, R. (2007). Reset: Changing the way we look at video games. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
de Vreese, C. (2012). New avenues for framing research. American Behavioral Scientist, 56(3), 365–375. doi:10.1177/0002764211426331
Dietz, T. (1998). An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles, 38(5), 425–442. doi:10.1023/A:1018709905920
Downs, E. & Smith, S. (2010). Keeping abreast of hypersexuality: A video game character content analysis. Sex Roles, 62(11), 721–733. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9637-1
Dunlop, J. (2007). The U.S. video game industry: Analyzing representation of gender and race. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, 3(2), 96–109.
Dutton N., Consalvo, M. & Harper, T. (2011). Digital pitchforks and virtual torches: Fan responses to the Mass Effect debacle. Convergence, 17(3), 287–305. doi:10.1177/0002764211426331
Egenfeldt-Nielson, S., Smith, J. & Tosca, S. (2016). Understanding video games: The essential introduction (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Entertainment Software Association. (2014). 2014 sales, demographic, and usage data: Essential facts about the computer and video game industry. Retrieved from http://www.theesa.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ESA_EF_2014.pdf
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Entman, R., Matthes, J. & Pellicano, L. (2009). Nature, sources, and effects of news framing. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 175–190). New York, NY: Routledge.
Ferguson, C. (2008). The school shooting/violent video game link: Causal relationship or moral panic? Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 5(1–2), 25–37. doi:10.1002/jip.76
Fisher, H. (2012). Don’t let the girls play: Gender representation in videogame journalism and the influence of hegemonic masculinity, media filters, and message mediation (Doctoral thesis, Ohio University, Athens, OH). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/1?0
Fisher, H. (2015). Sexy, dangerous—and ignored: An in-depth review of the representation of women in select video game magazines. Games and Culture, 10(6), 551–570. doi:10.1177/1555412014566234
Fox, J. & Tang, W. (2014). Sexism in online video games: The role of conformity to masculine norms and social dominance orientation. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 314–320. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.014
Freedman, E. & Fico, F. (2005). Male and female sources in newspaper coverage of male and female candidates in open races for governor in 2002. Mass Communication and Society, 8(3), 257–272. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0803_5
Gillman, S. (2011). News values and news culture in a changing world. In J. Bainbridge, N. Goc & L. Tynan (Eds.), Media & journalism: New approaches to theory and practice (2nd ed.) (pp. 245–256), South Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Gray, E. (2013, May 26). Why we need to rethink the ‘attention whore’ label. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com
Heider, D. (2000). White news: Why local news programs don’t cover people of color. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hern, A. (2014, October 17). Lazy coverage of Gamergate is only feeding this abusive campaign. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com
Hollingworth, D. & Irving, N. (2015, January 30). GamerGate and masculinity. PC Authority. Retrieved from http://www.pcauthority.com.au
Hsieh, H. & Shannon, S. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research Journal, 15(9), 1277–1288. doi:10.1177/1049732305276687
Internet Advertising Bureau UK. (2014). Gaming revolution. Retrieved from http://www.iabuk.net/research/library/gaming-revolution
Ivory, D. (2006). Still a man’s game: Gender representation in online reviews of video games. Mass Communication and Society, 9(1), 103–114. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0901_6
Juul, J. (2010). A casual revolution: Reinventing video games and their players. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Johnson, R. (2014). Hiding in plain sight: Reproducing masculine culture at a video game studio. Communication, Culture & Critique, 7(4), 578–594. doi:10.1111/cccr.12023
Kaye, L. & Pennington, C. (2016). "Girls can’t play”: The effects of stereotype threat on females’ gaming performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 202–209. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.020
Kirkpatrick, G. (2012). Constitutive tensions of gaming’s field: UK gaming magazines and the formation of gaming culture 1981–1995. Game Studies: The International Journal of Computer Game Research, 12(1). Retrieved from http://gamestudies.org/1201/articles/kirkpatrick
Kitzinger, J. (2007). Framing and frame analysis. In E. Devereux (Ed.), Media studies: Key issues and debates (pp. 134–161). London, England: SAGE Publications.
Lamble, S. (2011). News as it happens: An introduction to journalism. South Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
Matthes, J. & Kohring, M. (2008). The content analysis of media frames: Toward improving reliability and validity. Journal of Communication, 58(2), 258–279. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00384.x
McKernan, B. (2013). The morality of play: Video game coverage in The New York Times from 1980 to 2010. Games and Culture, 8(5), 307–329. doi:10.1177/1555412013493133
Miles, M. & Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Narine, N. & Grimes, S. (2009). The turbulent rise of the “child gamer”: Public fears and corporate promises in cinematic and promotional depictions of children’s digital play. Communication, Culture & Critique, 2(3), 319–338. doi:10.1111/j.1753-9137.2009.01040.x
Newman, J. (2004). Videogames. New York, NY: Routledge.
Newman, N. & Levy, D. (Eds.). (2014) Digital news report 2014. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/
files/Reuters%20Institute%20Digital%20News%20Report%202014.pdf
O’Malley, H. (2015, April 10). 3 ways to reform toxic masculinity after Gamergate. The Daily Dot. Retrieved from http://www.dailydot.com
Pan, Z. & Kosicki, G. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55–75. doi:10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
Patton, M. (2005). Qualitative research. In B. Everitt & D. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science (pp. 1633–1636). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Royse, P., Lee, J., Undrahbuyan, B., Hopson, M. & Consalvo, M. (2007). Women and games: Technologies of the gendered self. New Media & Society, 9(4), 555–576. doi:10.1177/1461444807080322
Sarkeesian, A. (2016). Feminist Frequency: Conversations with pop culture. Retrieved from http://feministfrequency.com/
Shaw, A. (2012). Do you identify as a gamer? Gender, race, sexuality, and gamer identity. New Media & Society, 14(1), 28–44. doi:10.1177/1461444811410394
Shoemaker, P. & Reese, S. (1996). Mediating the message: Theories of influences on mass media content (2nd ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman Publishers USA.
Snyder, M., Tanke, E. & Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 656–666.
Spender, D. (1997). The position of women in information technology – or who got there first and with what consequences? Current Sociology, 45(2), 135–147. doi:10.1177/001139297045002008
Todd, C. (2015). Commentary: GamerGate and resistance to the diversification of gaming culture. Women’s Studies Journal, 29(1), 64–67.
Trope. (2016a). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trope
Trope. (2016b). Retrieved from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/trope
Wahl-Jorgensen, K. & Hanitzsch, T. (2009). Introduction: On why and how we should do journalism studies. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 3–16). New York, NY: Routledge.
Walkerdine, V. (2006). Playing the game: Young girls performing femininity in video game play. Feminist Media Studies, 6(4), 519–537. doi:10.1080/14680770600990036
White, M. & Marsh, E. (2006). Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22–45. doi:10.1353/lib.2006.0053
Williams, D. (2003). The video game lightning rod. Information, Communication & Society, 6(4), 523–550. doi:10.1080/1369118032000163240
Williams, D., Martins, N., Consalvo, M. & Ivory, J. (2009). The virtual census: Representations of gender, race and age in video games. New Media & Society, 11(5), 815–834. doi:10.1177/1461444809105354
Yee, N. (2014, January 10). How the media consistently gets games wrong. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com
Published
July 19, 2016
Section
Articles
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