Non-Serious Serious Games
Abstract
Serious games have been shown to promote behavioural change and impart skills to players, and non-serious games have proven to have numerous benefits. This paper argues that non-serious digital games played in a ‘clan’ or online community setting can lead to similar real world benefits to serious games. This paper reports the outcomes from an ethnographic study and the analysis of user generated data from an online gaming clan. The outcomes support previous research which shows that non-serious games can be a setting for improved social well-being, second language learning, and self-esteem/confidence building. In addition this paper presents the novel results that play within online game communities can impart benefits to players, such as treating a fear of public speaking. This paper ultimately argues that communities of Gamers impart ‘serious’ benefits to their members.
References
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Berns, A., Gonzalez-Pardo, A., & Camacho, D. (2013). Game-like language learning in 3-D virtual environments. Computers & Education, 60(1), 210-220.
Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage.
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Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Terry, G. (2014). Thematic analysis. Qual Res Clin Health Psychol, 95-114.
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Brown, B. (2010). A training transfer study of simulation games. Tech. rep. DTIC Document.
Caird-Daley, A., Harris, D., Bessell, K., & Lowe, M. (2007). Training decision making using serious games. Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre. Report No: HFIDTC/2/WP4, 6(1).
Castel, A., J. Pratt, and E. Drummond (2005). “The effects of action video game experience on the time course of inhibitionof return and the effciency of visual search”. In: Acta Psychologica, 119, 217230.
Chittaro, L. and R. Ranon (2009). “Serious games for training occupants of a building in personal fire safety skills”. In: Proceedings of VS-GAMES 09: IEEE First International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications. 76-83.
Cole, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2007). Social interactions in massively multiplayer online role-playing gamers. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(4), 575-583.
Connolly, T. M., Boyle, E. A., MacArthur, E., Hainey, T., & Boyle, J. M. (2012). A systematic literature review of empirical evidence on computer games and serious games. Computers & Education, 59(2), 661-686.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., Rathunde, K., & Whalen, S. (1993). Talented teenagers. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Dandeneau, S. D., & Baldwin, M. W. (2004). The inhibition of socially rejecting information among people with high versus low self-esteem: The role of attentional bias and the effects of bias reduction training. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(4), 584-603.
Derakhshan, A., & Hasanabbasi, S. (2015). Social Networks for Language Learning. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(5), 1090.
Domahidi, E., Festl, R., & Quandt, T. (2014). To dwell among gamers: Investigating the relationship between social online game use and gaming-related friendships. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 107-115.
Ducheneaut, N., & Moore, R. J. (2004, November). The social side of gaming: a study of interaction patterns in a massively multiplayer online game. In Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 360-369). ACM.
Feng, J., I. Spence, and J. Pratt (2007). “Playing an action video game reduces gender differences in spatial cognition”. In: Psychol Sci. 18:850-5.
Fletcher, J. and S. Tobias (2006). “Using computer games and simulations for instruction: A research review”. In: Proceedings of the Society for Advanced Learning Technology Meeting.
Frostling-Henningsson, M. (2009). First-person shooter games as a way of connecting to people:“Brothers in blood”. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(5), 557-562.
Golub, A. (2010). Being in the World (of Warcraft): Raiding, realism, and knowledge production in a massively multiplayer online game. Anthropological Quarterly, 83(1), 17-45.
Gorini, A., & Riva, G. (2014). Virtual reality in anxiety disorders: the past and the future. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.
Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69(1), 66.
Hausknecht, S. N. (2013). Older adult gamers: patterns of use and opinions on the benefits of digital gameplay (Doctoral dissertation, Education: Faculty of Education).
Hillard, PFC (2013, June) The 29th helped in a profound way [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://www.29th.org/forums/index.php?topic=39356.0
Hine, C. (2000). Virtual ethnography. Sage.
Hudson (2011) Darkest Hour & the 29th I.D. Unpublished photograph.
Hussain, T. S., Weil, S. A., Brunye, T., Sidman, J., Ferguson, W., & Alexander, A. L. (2008). Computer Games and Team and Individual Learning, chapter Eliciting and evaluating teamwork within a multi-player game-based training environment.
Ikeya, N., Martin, D., & Rouchy, P. (2002). Some Ethnomethodological Observations on ‘Interaction’in HCI. In 'Interpretive' Approaches to Information Systems and Computing Research. Brunel University.
Jansz, J., & Tanis, M. (2007). Appeal of playing online first person shooter games. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(1), 133-136.
Jones, C. M., Scholes, L., Johnson, D., Katsikitis, M., & Carras, M. C. (2014). Gaming well: links between videogames and flourishing mental health. Frontiers in psychology, 5.
Jung, Y., Li, K. J., Janissa, N. S., Gladys, W. L. C., & Lee, K. M. (2009, December). Games for a better life: effects of playing Wii games on the well-being of seniors in a long-term care facility. In Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment (p. 5). ACM.
Kohonen, V. (1992). Experiential language learning: second language learning as cooperative learner education. Collaborative language learning and teaching,1439.
Kowert, R., & Oldmeadow, J. A. (2015). Playing for social comfort: Online video game play as a social accommodator for the insecurely attached. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 556-566.
Lacey, T5 (2016, February) From a Brother in the 29th ID to Another [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://staging-forums.29th.org/discussion/9821/from-a-brother-in-the-29th-id-to-another
Lampton, D. R., Riley, J. M., Kaber, D. B., Sheik-Nainar, M. A., & Endsley, M. R. (2006). Use of immersive virtual environments for measuring and training situation awareness. ARMY RESEARCH INST FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ORLANDO FL.
Lawrence, PFC (2013, May) The 29th helped in a profound way [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://www.29th.org/forums/index.php?topic=39356.0
Lee, Y. J., & Gerber, H. (2013). It’sa WoW World: Second language acquisition and massively multiplayer online gaming. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 16(2), 53-70.
Lenoir, T. and H. Lowood (2005). “Theaters of war: the military-entertainment complex”. In: Collection-LaboratoryTheater: Scenes of knowledge in the 17th century 1, p. 427
Ling, Y., Nefs, H. T., Morina, N., Heynderickx, I., & Brinkman, W. P. (2014). A meta-analysis on the relationship between self-reported presence and anxiety in virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. PloS one, 9(5).
Lisk, T. C., U. T. Kaplancali, and R. E. Riggio (2011). “Leadership in multiplayer online gaming environments”. In: Simulation & Gaming, p. 1046878110391975.
Manderson, J., Sundararajan, B., & Macdonald, L. (2015). Teaching public speaking without the public: making a case for virtual audiences. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual International Conference on the Design of Communication (p. 19). ACM.
Marsh, T. (2011). Serious games continuum: Between games for purpose and experiential environments for purpose. Entertainment Computing, 2(2), 61-68.
McGonigal, J. (2011). Reality is broken: Why games make us better and how they can change the world. Penguin.
McGuire, F. A. (1984). Improving the quality of life for residents of long term care facilities through video games. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 6(1), 17.
Mead, C. (2013). War play: Video games and the future of armed conflict. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Mendoza, S. H. V. (2014). Massively multiplayer online games as a sandbox for leadership: The relationship between in and out of game leadership behaviors. Pepperdine University.
Mortensen, T. E. (2016). Anger, Fear, and Games The Long Event of# GamerGate. Games and Culture, 1555412016640408.
Mysirlaki, S. (2011, October). Leadership in a networked world: the case of massive multiplayer online environments. In European Conference on Games Based Learning (p. 725). Academic Conferences International Limited.
Nap, H. H., De Kort, Y. A. W., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2009). Senior gamers: Preferences, motivations and needs. Gerontechnology, 8(4), 247-262.
Pelletier, C. and R. Kneebone (2015). “Playful Simulations Rather Than Serious Games: Medical Simulation as a Cultural Practice”. In: Games and Culture.
Pertaub, D. P., Slater, M., & Barker, C. (2002). An experiment on public speaking anxiety in response to three different types of virtual audience. Presence: Teleoperators and virtual environments, 11(1), 68-78.
Peterson, M. (2010). Massively multiplayer online role-playing games as arenas for second language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 23(5), 429-439.
Reber, E. A. and B. J. Bernard (2012). The Sea of Simulation: Improving Naval Shiphandling Training and Readiness through Game-Based Learning. Tech. rep. DTIC Document.
Roebuck, T5 (2013, May) The 29th helped in a profound way [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://www.29th.org/forums/index.php?topic=39356.0
Rosenberg, D., Depp, C.A., Vahia, I.V., Reichstadt, J., Palmer, B.W., Kerr, J., Norman, G. and Jeste, D.V. (2010). Exergames for subsyndromal depression in older adults: a pilot study of a novel intervention. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(3), pp.221-226.
Russoniello, C. V., O’Brien, K., & Parks, J. M. (2009). The effectiveness of casual video games in improving mood and decreasing stress. Journal of Cyber Therapy and Rehabilitation, 2(1), 5366.
Ryan, R. M., Rigby, C. S., & Przybylski, A. (2006). The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach. Motivation and emotion, 30(4), 344-360.
Sitzmann, T. (2011). “A meta-analytic examination of the instructional effectiveness of computer-based simulation games”. In: Personnel Psychology 64.2, pp. 489–528.
Smith, S. and D. Trenholme (2009). “Rapid prototyping a virtual fire drill environment using computer game technology”. In: Fire safety journal. 44 (4). pp. 559-569.
Stear, T5 (2016, February) From a Brother in the 29th ID to Another [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://staging-forums.29th.org/discussion/9821/from-a-brother-in-the-29th-id-to-another
Stinchfield, M. K. and J. C. Caldwell (2011). “Improving military change detection skills in a virtual environment the effects of time, threat level, and tutorials”. PhD thesis. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School.
Susi, T., Johannesson, M. and Backlund, P. (2007) Serious games: An overview.
Sweetser, P. and P. Wyeth (2005). “GameFlow: a model for evaluating player enjoyment in games”. In: Computers in Entertainment (CIE) 3.3, pp. 3–3.
Sylaiou, S., Mania, K., Karoulis, A., & White, M. (2010). Exploring the relationship between presence and enjoyment in a virtual museum. International journal of human-computer studies, 68(5), 243-253.
Sylvester, PFC (2016, February) From a Brother in the 29th ID to Another [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://staging-forums.29th.org/discussion/9821/from-a-brother-in-the-29th-id-to-another
Taylor, T. L. (2009). Play between worlds: Exploring online game culture. Mit Press.
Trepte, S., Reinecke, L., & Juechems, K. (2012). The social side of gaming: How playing online computer games creates online and offline social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 3(28), 832-839.
Tripwire Interactive (2006) Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41-45. Bold Games. [Digital Game]
Valve Corporation (1999) Counter-Strike. Valve Corporation [Digital Game]
Vella, K., Johnson, D., & Hides, L. (2013, October). Positively playful: when videogames lead to player wellbeing. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications (pp. 99-102). ACM.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard university press.
Wagner, I., Broll, W., Jacucci, G., Kuutii, K., McCall, R., Morrison, A., Schmalstieg, D. and Terrin, J.J. (2009). On the role of presence in mixed reality. Presence, 18(4), 249-276.
Whitney, S. J., P. Temby, and A. Stephens (2013). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Game-Based Training: A Controlled Study with Dismounted Infantry Teams. Tech. rep. DTIC Document.
Willis, M., Tucker, E. M., Raybourn, E. M., & Fabian, N. D. (2010). Beyond game effectiveness. Part II, a qualitative study of multi-role experiential learning (No. SAND2010-4798C). Sandia National Laboratories.
Wollersheim, D., Merkes, M., Shields, N., Liamputtong, P., Wallis, L., Reynolds, F., & Koh, L. (2010). Physical and psychosocial effects of wii video game use among older women. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, 8(2), 85.
Wouters, P., Van der Spek, E. D., & Van Oostendorp, H. (2009). Current practices in serious game research: A review from a learning outcomes perspective. Games-based learning advancements for multi-sensory human computer interfaces: techniques and effective practices, 232-250.
Wright, T., Boria, E., & Breidenbach, P. (2002). Creative player actions in FPS online video games: Playing Counter-Strike. Game studies, 2(2), 103-123
Bellotti, F., Kapralos, B., Lee, K., Moreno-Ger, P., & Berta, R. (2013). Assessment in and of serious games: an overview. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, 2013, 1.
Berns, A., Gonzalez-Pardo, A., & Camacho, D. (2013). Game-like language learning in 3-D virtual environments. Computers & Education, 60(1), 210-220.
Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Terry, G. (2014). Thematic analysis. Qual Res Clin Health Psychol, 95-114.
Brewer, PFC (2013, June) The 29th helped in a profound way [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://www.29th.org/forums/index.php?topic=39356.0
Brown, B. (2010). A training transfer study of simulation games. Tech. rep. DTIC Document.
Caird-Daley, A., Harris, D., Bessell, K., & Lowe, M. (2007). Training decision making using serious games. Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre. Report No: HFIDTC/2/WP4, 6(1).
Castel, A., J. Pratt, and E. Drummond (2005). “The effects of action video game experience on the time course of inhibitionof return and the effciency of visual search”. In: Acta Psychologica, 119, 217230.
Chittaro, L. and R. Ranon (2009). “Serious games for training occupants of a building in personal fire safety skills”. In: Proceedings of VS-GAMES 09: IEEE First International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications. 76-83.
Cole, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2007). Social interactions in massively multiplayer online role-playing gamers. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(4), 575-583.
Connolly, T. M., Boyle, E. A., MacArthur, E., Hainey, T., & Boyle, J. M. (2012). A systematic literature review of empirical evidence on computer games and serious games. Computers & Education, 59(2), 661-686.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., Rathunde, K., & Whalen, S. (1993). Talented teenagers. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Dandeneau, S. D., & Baldwin, M. W. (2004). The inhibition of socially rejecting information among people with high versus low self-esteem: The role of attentional bias and the effects of bias reduction training. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(4), 584-603.
Derakhshan, A., & Hasanabbasi, S. (2015). Social Networks for Language Learning. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(5), 1090.
Domahidi, E., Festl, R., & Quandt, T. (2014). To dwell among gamers: Investigating the relationship between social online game use and gaming-related friendships. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 107-115.
Ducheneaut, N., & Moore, R. J. (2004, November). The social side of gaming: a study of interaction patterns in a massively multiplayer online game. In Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 360-369). ACM.
Feng, J., I. Spence, and J. Pratt (2007). “Playing an action video game reduces gender differences in spatial cognition”. In: Psychol Sci. 18:850-5.
Fletcher, J. and S. Tobias (2006). “Using computer games and simulations for instruction: A research review”. In: Proceedings of the Society for Advanced Learning Technology Meeting.
Frostling-Henningsson, M. (2009). First-person shooter games as a way of connecting to people:“Brothers in blood”. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(5), 557-562.
Golub, A. (2010). Being in the World (of Warcraft): Raiding, realism, and knowledge production in a massively multiplayer online game. Anthropological Quarterly, 83(1), 17-45.
Gorini, A., & Riva, G. (2014). Virtual reality in anxiety disorders: the past and the future. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.
Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69(1), 66.
Hausknecht, S. N. (2013). Older adult gamers: patterns of use and opinions on the benefits of digital gameplay (Doctoral dissertation, Education: Faculty of Education).
Hillard, PFC (2013, June) The 29th helped in a profound way [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://www.29th.org/forums/index.php?topic=39356.0
Hine, C. (2000). Virtual ethnography. Sage.
Hudson (2011) Darkest Hour & the 29th I.D. Unpublished photograph.
Hussain, T. S., Weil, S. A., Brunye, T., Sidman, J., Ferguson, W., & Alexander, A. L. (2008). Computer Games and Team and Individual Learning, chapter Eliciting and evaluating teamwork within a multi-player game-based training environment.
Ikeya, N., Martin, D., & Rouchy, P. (2002). Some Ethnomethodological Observations on ‘Interaction’in HCI. In 'Interpretive' Approaches to Information Systems and Computing Research. Brunel University.
Jansz, J., & Tanis, M. (2007). Appeal of playing online first person shooter games. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(1), 133-136.
Jones, C. M., Scholes, L., Johnson, D., Katsikitis, M., & Carras, M. C. (2014). Gaming well: links between videogames and flourishing mental health. Frontiers in psychology, 5.
Jung, Y., Li, K. J., Janissa, N. S., Gladys, W. L. C., & Lee, K. M. (2009, December). Games for a better life: effects of playing Wii games on the well-being of seniors in a long-term care facility. In Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment (p. 5). ACM.
Kohonen, V. (1992). Experiential language learning: second language learning as cooperative learner education. Collaborative language learning and teaching,1439.
Kowert, R., & Oldmeadow, J. A. (2015). Playing for social comfort: Online video game play as a social accommodator for the insecurely attached. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 556-566.
Lacey, T5 (2016, February) From a Brother in the 29th ID to Another [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://staging-forums.29th.org/discussion/9821/from-a-brother-in-the-29th-id-to-another
Lampton, D. R., Riley, J. M., Kaber, D. B., Sheik-Nainar, M. A., & Endsley, M. R. (2006). Use of immersive virtual environments for measuring and training situation awareness. ARMY RESEARCH INST FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ORLANDO FL.
Lawrence, PFC (2013, May) The 29th helped in a profound way [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://www.29th.org/forums/index.php?topic=39356.0
Lee, Y. J., & Gerber, H. (2013). It’sa WoW World: Second language acquisition and massively multiplayer online gaming. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 16(2), 53-70.
Lenoir, T. and H. Lowood (2005). “Theaters of war: the military-entertainment complex”. In: Collection-LaboratoryTheater: Scenes of knowledge in the 17th century 1, p. 427
Ling, Y., Nefs, H. T., Morina, N., Heynderickx, I., & Brinkman, W. P. (2014). A meta-analysis on the relationship between self-reported presence and anxiety in virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. PloS one, 9(5).
Lisk, T. C., U. T. Kaplancali, and R. E. Riggio (2011). “Leadership in multiplayer online gaming environments”. In: Simulation & Gaming, p. 1046878110391975.
Manderson, J., Sundararajan, B., & Macdonald, L. (2015). Teaching public speaking without the public: making a case for virtual audiences. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual International Conference on the Design of Communication (p. 19). ACM.
Marsh, T. (2011). Serious games continuum: Between games for purpose and experiential environments for purpose. Entertainment Computing, 2(2), 61-68.
McGonigal, J. (2011). Reality is broken: Why games make us better and how they can change the world. Penguin.
McGuire, F. A. (1984). Improving the quality of life for residents of long term care facilities through video games. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 6(1), 17.
Mead, C. (2013). War play: Video games and the future of armed conflict. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Mendoza, S. H. V. (2014). Massively multiplayer online games as a sandbox for leadership: The relationship between in and out of game leadership behaviors. Pepperdine University.
Mortensen, T. E. (2016). Anger, Fear, and Games The Long Event of# GamerGate. Games and Culture, 1555412016640408.
Mysirlaki, S. (2011, October). Leadership in a networked world: the case of massive multiplayer online environments. In European Conference on Games Based Learning (p. 725). Academic Conferences International Limited.
Nap, H. H., De Kort, Y. A. W., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2009). Senior gamers: Preferences, motivations and needs. Gerontechnology, 8(4), 247-262.
Pelletier, C. and R. Kneebone (2015). “Playful Simulations Rather Than Serious Games: Medical Simulation as a Cultural Practice”. In: Games and Culture.
Pertaub, D. P., Slater, M., & Barker, C. (2002). An experiment on public speaking anxiety in response to three different types of virtual audience. Presence: Teleoperators and virtual environments, 11(1), 68-78.
Peterson, M. (2010). Massively multiplayer online role-playing games as arenas for second language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 23(5), 429-439.
Reber, E. A. and B. J. Bernard (2012). The Sea of Simulation: Improving Naval Shiphandling Training and Readiness through Game-Based Learning. Tech. rep. DTIC Document.
Roebuck, T5 (2013, May) The 29th helped in a profound way [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://www.29th.org/forums/index.php?topic=39356.0
Rosenberg, D., Depp, C.A., Vahia, I.V., Reichstadt, J., Palmer, B.W., Kerr, J., Norman, G. and Jeste, D.V. (2010). Exergames for subsyndromal depression in older adults: a pilot study of a novel intervention. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(3), pp.221-226.
Russoniello, C. V., O’Brien, K., & Parks, J. M. (2009). The effectiveness of casual video games in improving mood and decreasing stress. Journal of Cyber Therapy and Rehabilitation, 2(1), 5366.
Ryan, R. M., Rigby, C. S., & Przybylski, A. (2006). The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach. Motivation and emotion, 30(4), 344-360.
Sitzmann, T. (2011). “A meta-analytic examination of the instructional effectiveness of computer-based simulation games”. In: Personnel Psychology 64.2, pp. 489–528.
Smith, S. and D. Trenholme (2009). “Rapid prototyping a virtual fire drill environment using computer game technology”. In: Fire safety journal. 44 (4). pp. 559-569.
Stear, T5 (2016, February) From a Brother in the 29th ID to Another [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://staging-forums.29th.org/discussion/9821/from-a-brother-in-the-29th-id-to-another
Stinchfield, M. K. and J. C. Caldwell (2011). “Improving military change detection skills in a virtual environment the effects of time, threat level, and tutorials”. PhD thesis. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School.
Susi, T., Johannesson, M. and Backlund, P. (2007) Serious games: An overview.
Sweetser, P. and P. Wyeth (2005). “GameFlow: a model for evaluating player enjoyment in games”. In: Computers in Entertainment (CIE) 3.3, pp. 3–3.
Sylaiou, S., Mania, K., Karoulis, A., & White, M. (2010). Exploring the relationship between presence and enjoyment in a virtual museum. International journal of human-computer studies, 68(5), 243-253.
Sylvester, PFC (2016, February) From a Brother in the 29th ID to Another [Online forum comment] Message posted to http://staging-forums.29th.org/discussion/9821/from-a-brother-in-the-29th-id-to-another
Taylor, T. L. (2009). Play between worlds: Exploring online game culture. Mit Press.
Trepte, S., Reinecke, L., & Juechems, K. (2012). The social side of gaming: How playing online computer games creates online and offline social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 3(28), 832-839.
Tripwire Interactive (2006) Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41-45. Bold Games. [Digital Game]
Valve Corporation (1999) Counter-Strike. Valve Corporation [Digital Game]
Vella, K., Johnson, D., & Hides, L. (2013, October). Positively playful: when videogames lead to player wellbeing. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications (pp. 99-102). ACM.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard university press.
Wagner, I., Broll, W., Jacucci, G., Kuutii, K., McCall, R., Morrison, A., Schmalstieg, D. and Terrin, J.J. (2009). On the role of presence in mixed reality. Presence, 18(4), 249-276.
Whitney, S. J., P. Temby, and A. Stephens (2013). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Game-Based Training: A Controlled Study with Dismounted Infantry Teams. Tech. rep. DTIC Document.
Willis, M., Tucker, E. M., Raybourn, E. M., & Fabian, N. D. (2010). Beyond game effectiveness. Part II, a qualitative study of multi-role experiential learning (No. SAND2010-4798C). Sandia National Laboratories.
Wollersheim, D., Merkes, M., Shields, N., Liamputtong, P., Wallis, L., Reynolds, F., & Koh, L. (2010). Physical and psychosocial effects of wii video game use among older women. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, 8(2), 85.
Wouters, P., Van der Spek, E. D., & Van Oostendorp, H. (2009). Current practices in serious game research: A review from a learning outcomes perspective. Games-based learning advancements for multi-sensory human computer interfaces: techniques and effective practices, 232-250.
Wright, T., Boria, E., & Breidenbach, P. (2002). Creative player actions in FPS online video games: Playing Counter-Strike. Game studies, 2(2), 103-123
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